the physiopathologic bases of non-cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can experience a wide variety of psychiatric symptoms, including agitation, irritability, depression, psychosis (e.g., delusions, hallucinations), anxiety, disinhibition, irritability, emotional lability, apathy, and aggression. This monograph will review the underlying mechanisms of depression, and psychosis. Depression is important in AD because elderly subjects with depression have increase risk of developing AD, and depression can coexist with AD, and is more frequent in AD than in normal individuals. Neuroradiological studies conducted with positron emission tomography (PET) have found that AD patients with depression have a greater hypometabolism in anterior cingulate cortex, superior frontal cortex, and medial and superior temporal cortices. In addition, neuropathological studies have found a greater neuronal loss in the superior central rafe nucleus, and locus coeruleous. This suggested cortical (frontal-temporal)-subcortical dysfunction in the etiology of depression in AD. AD patients with psychotic symptoms present a rapid cognitive and functional decline, and faster time to nursing home admission. Neuropathological studies have shown more neurofibrillary tangles in the frontal lobes and prosubicular region. Neuroradiological studies conducted in patients with paranoid delusions have shown a greater hypometabolism in temporal and frontal dorsolateral cortices compared with those without these symptoms. Patients with visual hallucinations have a greater hypometabolism in the right parietal region, and in frontal dorsolateral and orbitofrontal areas. The left frontal dorsolateral cortex is altered in patients with both delusions and hallucinations. These studies have shown that the developments of psychiatric symptoms in AD are related to specific cortical and subcortical lesions